Glider 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lightweight plane 2 - Assignment Example for estimating the length of the lightweight plane, scissors, adapting saw I edge and extremely sharp steels are the fundamental materials and instruments used in building Basal Gliders. The apparatuses are significantly utilized in cutting superfluous parts. The development should start by building the wing and utilizing a wood stripper instrument in cutting the thick portions of balsa. Additionally, there ought to be sheet weighing in any event 10.6 grams. The sheet was more the one gram yet under 10.6 grams. The rest of the parts were developed with the accessible materials and apparatuses. Planning of fuselage or lightweight flyer was the initial step with each base width and parts of rear end estimated and recorded. Scores and cuts were cut from the balsa wood length hence coming about to a full lightweight plane. All parts of lightweight flyer were gathered by sticking every individual segment to the assemblage of lightweight flyer. This expended quality time in this way allowing satisfactory time for the drying of every segment before joining the following segments. At this phase of lightweight plane development, penny-nose weight was applied to the lightweight flyer. In the end, a tape was then used in fastening every penny to the glider’s nose, and at last coming about to a full lightweight flyer. A beginning line on the floor was stamped utilizing a veiling tape. Flight separation testing had at least 17feet to the arrival target, for example, a work area or seat. The aftereffect of the flight test was then recorded on the scorecard. This procedure helps in expectations of the usefulness and dependability of the balsa coast of meeting its objective. Testing process utilized at least two tosses for the lightweight plane. The weight and equalization of the lightweight plane was changed by pushing the wings of the lightweight flyer ahead and in reverse, which influenced the flying procedure of the planes. The wings of the Glide were expanded to have a most extreme coasting separation. Skim Ratio is registered by separating the float separation esteem with the elevation estimation of the coast. Skim flight-testing technique is ordinarily used to test the coasting separation and

Paintings of Paul klee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Works of art of Paul klee - Essay Example There are two significant obvious hues utilized in this composition; in the first place, there is the utilization of red shading and dark shading. Likewise, it is obvious that there is an image of a woman who is presumably encircled by certain feathered creatures and some flying pictures, which can be deciphered as spirits. Then again, there is a red shading at the base of the work of art demonstrating heading. It is very testing to have a decisive thought of the data communicated by other red hues in the artwork. This is another extraordinary bit of work of art painted by Paul Glee in 1921; it is very clear that the data communicated in this canvas. According to the spatial investigation of the artistic creation, the pictures seem to involve the focal piece of the casing which estimates 305mm by 454mm. There is likewise two significant hues that are prominent in the painting; white and dim. Also, there appear to be just one painting of a man encompassed by what has all the earmarks of being creatures. Moreover, there is no contention of hues, they appropriately coordinate the goals of the craftsman and communicates a situation that endeavors to portray a man on a dramatic stage. That is, there is legitimate utilization of hues consequently showing an appropriate shading concordance. According to the goal of the painter of the data communicated by the painter, there appear to a progression of comic activities happening in the situation communicated; in the first place, the man in the artistic creation is encircled by what gives off an impression of being flying creatures, wearing skirts. In addition, the man is the painting doesn't have arms.

How To Handle Burnout

How To Handle Burnout Burnout is a very real experience that several people go through during their time as a student as well as in the workforce. I myself have experienced burnout during my time in college, and it is an experience that left me feeling a bit confused as to what to do in order to deal with it. Realize whats going on. I had always been used to being on the go constantly and doing a million and one things, most of which I enjoyed doing. So when classes and activities that had always interested me or made me happy began to feel like burdens, I was scared and confused about what was going on. What I didnt realize was that even too much of a good thing (or what seems like a good thing at the moment) can have some pretty negative results. In short, I was tired! Exhausted! Worn-out! However you prefer to phrase it, burnout still remains the sameâ€"feeling overwhelmed, exhausted (mentally, physically, and/or emotionally), and overworked. While one of the largest signs that I was experiencing intense burnout was no longer finding joy or interest in things that I always had, burnout can show its head in several different ways, so it is important to pay attention to your body, thoughts, and emotions. Overcoming burnout can appear to be a very daunting task, which sometimes was the case for me because I felt like doing less was going to mean achieving less. But, the truth is that if youre burnt out, it doesnt matter how many wonderful things youre doing because you wont have the energy to do them well anyway. It is better to focus your time and energy on a few things that you really care about and that challenge you than to have your time and focus going in a million different directions. I decided to come up with a few things that I could implement into my own life to help me overcome burnout while also doing my best to prevent it in the future. Take a step back and examine your task. The first thing that I did once I realized that I was burnt out was take a step back and examine everything that I was doing on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis. I recommend doing this as if your schedule isnt yours but rather the schedule of a stranger, because it is a lot easier to be honest about how much work youre doing if you feel detached from it. After doing this, I realized that I had no time to care for myself. My schedule was jam-packed with a million tasks that stressed me out because there was always something to do and not enough time to do it. If it wasnt one thing, it was another. So I had to make some serious decisions about what tasks were really important to me and which ones I could remove altogether. This also meant looking at my class schedule and really making sure that I was taking classes that not only interested me but that also were at good time slots for me as well. I am not a morning person, and I wont become one, so why put myself through early morning classes? Take some time to weigh all of your responsibilities and only keep the ones that make you happy and that you can sustain doing for the entire semester or year. This will keep you satisfied with your schedule while also preventing you from getting overwhelmed or exhausted. Prioritize having scheduled downtime. I recently realized that any free time in my schedule wasnt actually free time. They were mere blocks of time where I didnt have to physically be in a specific place but still needed to be doing homework, tasks for work, or some other form of work. This lack of genuine relaxation time definitely played a role in my burnout because I never gave myself time to just sit down and do nothing or do something just for fun. A new goal of mines is to consciously schedule a time for me to do nothing at all. Everyone needs time to just relax and do the things that they enjoy because it helps our bodies recharge and keeps our minds happy, too! Keep time to do nothing in mind when youre picking your class schedules, work schedules, and choosing any other obligations for the semester so that youre less likely to start feeling overwhelmed by all of your responsibilities and tasks. Do not be afraid to say no. One of the most difficult things for me is saying no, particularly to opportunities. It is very important to take advantage of opportunities in college and all throughout life, but it is very easy to just become a yes-person without taking time to determine if you even have time for each opportunity that comes your way. I now try to really think about each opportunity that comes my way and analyze if I have enough time to fully commit to it, whether anything else in my life will drastically suffer if I add this opportunity into my daily life (school, work, social life, relaxation time, time with family, eating, etc.), and whether the opportunity aligns with what Im passionate about and where Im trying to go in life. If the answer to the first question is no, then I automatically know that I cant commit to whatever the opportunity or experience is! I hope that these tips help you with overcoming and preventing burnout! ?? Taylor Class of 2021 Hey y’all, I’m a History and Gender and Women Studies double major and a French minor from Chicago! I concentrate in all things Black and Black women studies and love long-distance running.

King Arthur Literary Analysis - 3547 Words

The name King Arthur appears throughout a countless amount of literature, stories, cinema, and legend. King Arthur has always been a long-standing icon of heroism, and heroism is a theme mankind takes pleasure in romanticizing. Arthurian Romance is the classic example of good versus evil, knights in shining armor, forbidden love, and sorcery; the basic elements of a romanticized tale. And in a dark time where religion clashed, empires fought in epic battles, and the people of Britain suffered from poverty and disease, Arthurian legend was needed to lift the spirits of the hopeless. Arthurian Romance is an accurate portrayal of the time period better known as the Medieval Ages because it takes the woes and misfortunate events of that time†¦show more content†¦This split was born from disputes over whether the Pope could marry and iconoclasm (similar to worshipping false idols) and the use of local languages in church. They were even in dispute regarding the nature of God. The Crusades were another religious dispute. The Crusades were military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries to take other the Holy Land and convert Muslims to Christianity. The First Crusade was a response to the Seljuk Turks conquering the â€Å"Holy Land† (present-day Israel and Palestine). However, most of these conquests were failures and achieved nothing except for interactions with the Arab world (in both beneficial and devastating ways). Lastly, there was the Inquisition. This was a formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics (including satanic or witch-like behavior). Punishment for people suspected of heresy was torture and execution. The Church in the Middle Ages is clearly an influential factor of these times. The Medieval Ages also saw quite a bit of political changes. The Carolingian, established by Charles Martel, ruled present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Northern Italy. His grandson, Ch arlemagne established the Holy Roman Empire. In the North, Vikings and other Scandinavian became notorious for raiding Roman Catholic monasteries. In France, Vikings were referred to as Normans. They conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066. As mentioned before, Feudalism was theShow MoreRelated King Arthur Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesKing Arthur Character Analysis Although King Arthur is one of the most well-known figures in the world, his true identity remains a mystery. Attempts to identify the historical Arthur have been unsuccessful, since he is largely a product of fiction. Most historians, though, agree that the real Arthur was probably a battle leader of the Britons against the Anglo-Saxons in the sixthth century. In literature, King Arthurs character is unique and ever changing, taking on a different face inRead MoreEssay on The Many Versions of The Legend of King Arthur1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Many Versions of The Legend of King Arthur There are countless versions of the legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. Most English versions are based on Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur, but where did these tales originate, and what different interpretations are there today? This essay seeks to examine the roots and different renditions of the various legends circulating today. The first section deals with the origins of the legend. The second sectionRead MoreChivalry In Song Of Roland, Percival And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1090 Words   |  5 PagesChivalry (An analysis of the treatment of chivalry in â€Å"Song of Roland†, â€Å"Percival†, â€Å"Arthur†, and â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†) Chivalry is defined as â€Å"the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code† (Oxford). During medieval times, those who received an immense amount of recognition were the ones who abided by the code of chivalry. These were the people who earned respect from other by giving it themselves. For example, when jousting, or fighting another knightRead MoreThe Noble Chivalric Code And The Middle Class1489 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the Anglo-Norman time period through to the Renaissance the construction of class gradually changed from a strict feudalistic system to an up rise of the middle class that challenged the nobility authority. Intertwined in all the literary works of this time period, there was growing tension between the noble Chivalric Code and the middle class. There were six very different pieces written by six very different authors, who represented very different ideas of class division based on the timeframeRead MoreBritish Literature Essay: Macbeth vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight653 Words   |  3 Pagesabove based on historical setting, cultural context, literary styles, and the aesthetic principles of the period in which they were written. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight were written in the late 14th century (1300’s) in Northwestern England. During this time, King Arthur was in reign. The story imitates ideology of English Chivalry and how chivalry works in the knighthood, as well as King Arthur’s court. Macbeth was written nearly after King James of Scotland took the English throne. The EnglishRead MoreEssay about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1732 Words   |  7 Pagesromance, into one literary work. The other reason is the author’s elaborate, but brilliant usage of alliterations and rhymes. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is about a Green Knight, a figure that many consider to be an immortal, who challenges Arthur’s court. Sir Gawain, the most courageous and noble knight of the court, accepts the Green Knight’s challenge for the sake of King Arthur’s reputation. Believing that he is acting on behalf of the king, Sir GawainRead MoreScript Analysis of Oedipus the King Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesScript Analysis of Oedipus Rex The complete fate of Oedipus Rex, is foreshadowed by Teiresias, the prophet in Scene II: But it will soon be shown that he is a Theban, A revelation that will fail to please. A blind man, Who has his eyes now; a penniless man, who is rich now; And he will go tapping the strange earth with his staff To the children with whom he lives now he will be Brother and father- the very same; to her Who bore him, son and husband- the very same Who came to hisRead MoreQuest For Literary Form : The Greeks Believed That The Tragedy1742 Words   |  7 PagesQuest for literary form The Greeks believed that the tragedy was the greatest form of drama, and Aristotle’s concept of tragedy followed this belief. In the modern times, there has been a change in this view with various authors abandoning the classical form to follow more liberal forms of literacy. (Kennedy Gioia, Pp. 1203) Aristotle s Concept of Tragedy The analysis of Aristotle on tragedy formed the guideline for later poets in the Western civilizationRead MoreComparative Character Analysis of Classical vs. Modern Tragic Protagonists.793 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Character Analysis of Classical Vs. Modern Tragic Protagonists. A hero/ heroine is described as the principal male/ female character in a literary or dramatic work or the central figure in an event, period, or movement. The classic tragic hero was defined by Aristotle in the fourth century as, someone who is highly renowned and prosperous (LATWP, 639), suggesting that there is a natural right ordering and proportion of traits within the human being that if violated, produces calamityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller The Crucible was first produced in 1953 during the McCarthy political witch-hunt. The Crucible is governed around, the corrupted degeneration of society during this sombre period. Arthur Miller saw many parallels in this period with the witch hunt in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Most significantly the naà ¯ve yet extremely unjust accusations, the forced confessions and ultimately the growth of such a diminutive

Libraries The Cure for the Unhappy

Which are the activities that make peoples life more tolerable? What can add happiness into ones life? We could name many various activities, like swimming and dancing, socializing and shopping, dating and listening to music. Their magical impact on ones mood is well known to everyone. Nevertheless, there are not so many people, who know, how enjoyable is the act of going to the library! According to U.K.s Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the joy one gets by going to the library equals the joy one feels when getting his salary raised by $1,878. Sounds exciting, doesnt it? It is not like all the book-worms and literature lovers didnt know this before the study. There are not so many other things that can bring people the pleasure equal to the one reading brings. When a person turns around and sees endless shelves, filled with books, feelings of delight and happy disbelief overwhelm him. Where else could an individual feel happy if not in the place, where he can read whatever he wants and as much as he wants? Well, the Departments survey proved book-lovers guesses to be right in a scientific way. And only a month ago there was made a special Pew Research study, discoveries of which added even more value to the libraries. According to the results of this study, all library-goers and library-lovers are better at socializing with relatives, neighbors and friends, they show better technology knowledge than ordinary people and they also tend to form stable community ties. So, libraries do not just make people happy, they also make positive influence on their lifestyle, as well as views and manners. Unfortunately, despite the results of many surveys and studies that prove just how valuable and important the libraries are for education, social and cultural development (and that is not to mention the factor of happiness), the U.K. government doesnt care about it. During the last year, more than 493 libraries were closed or faced the possibility of closure because of the significant budget cuts and unreasonable policies. By the way, the situation in U.S. doesnt really differ the number of public libraries also decreases dangerously during the last several years. Still, thanks to volunteer help and enthusiasm of book-lovers, most public libraries manage to survive even when facing economic problems. And there is nothing to wonder about it. Libraries provide people with a possibility of self-education and make education itself simpler. They bring us aesthetic pleasure and allow those, who have not enough money to buy themselves as many books as they wish, to read everything they want for free. We can only hope that special surveys and studies will draw attention towards harsh situation with libraries economic conditions – and that it will help libraries to be preserved in a proper manner.

Madame Curie and a Beautiful Mind A Comparison Free Essays

There is a lot to commend about the two movies which are the subjects of this paper. The former is a biographical film about the Polish-French physicist, Marie Curie who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Science and also the first to have won two in the same field; while the latter is also about the life of John Forbes Nash, a Nobel Laureate Mathematician. These two films that tackle at a personal level the lives of prominent individuals have arrived at certain commonalities and distinctions, however unintended. We will write a custom essay sample on Madame Curie and a Beautiful Mind: A Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the aim of this discussion to identify these similarities and differences in a way that we will also be able to identify some elements of the stories. An assumption however is made which is that a classic film such as Madame Curie may have a lot to learn from relatively modern movie A Beautiful Mind, possibly for any intentions for a remake of the first. The idea of Madame Curie is to be able to reveal the personal characteristics of the great female Physicist; how she came to be popular with her discoveries, and how she had lived her life to the fullest. She was disclosed to us during her early childhood as a poor student who had tendencies of fainting in class because of her unhealthy condition. Her name is Marie Sklodowska. Her enthusiasm in science nonetheless led her to an occasion where at the same time she met her future partner and husband, in the name of Pierre Curie- whom she have met in a soiree which was thrown by Professor Perot’s wife. It was coincidental that the couple is both interested in science being a physicist himself, Pierre at first offered Marie his laboratory then had asked him to marry her in a scientific, logical and philosophical way – this added on to the thrill and fun part of the story. The movie has indeed been successful in being able to combine the factual knowledge about Marie’s work and her social and love cum family life. For instance, her attempt to discover a third radioactive element in the rock which she found to have enough energy to take small photographs also led her to divulge to Pierre’s family about her pregnancy. At the same time, the film has socio-political implications. It has presented to its audience some of the issues and problems in the scientific research and academe. Sorbonne Physics Department for example did not want to provide financial support for the implementation and pursuit of their project. In search for the element, radium, they had to withstand the old building where they had to conduct their experiments. The movie had shown the pain and difficulties of a scientist like Marie Curie only for the sake of knowledge and discovery. The movie hence was able to share virtues that humans need to uphold for development and success such as patience, dedication and hard work. Such grand consequences are expressed in their world tours and vacation, engagement in press conferences and acceptance of Nobel Prize not to mention the new laboratory that was given to them by the University since its discovery’s fulfillment. Yet scientists and intellectuals however serious and devoted people suffer from desperation too especially in the midst of a tragic death of a loved one. It is interesting how the life story of Madame Curie had been translated into a love story too which has a beginning and an end. Marie almost lost her mind with Pierre Curie’s accident. However, the movie’s finale proved itself a movie worthy of remembrance as Marie attended and delivered a speech in the 25th Anniversary Celebration of Radium’s Discovery. To her, science which is her craft and her husband’s too is the way to a better world. Inspiring and challenging indeed are the commentaries of critiques to this much celebrated film in the forties. A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 film about John Nash. The movie evolved from a Pulitzer Prize nominated book in 1998 by Sylvia Nasar. Like the Madame Curie film, the beginning of the story is the early life of Nash in a university setting. He studied then at Princeton where he planned on   his unique perspectives aimed at improving the future of Mathematics as a recepient of Carnegie Scholarship in Math. To most people who did not know John Nash,   the movie may appear to be a story of a schizoprenic. Just like the first movie we dealt with above, A Beautiful Mind is a creative way of presenting the ideas of a genius like Nash while invading his private family and social affairs. For instance, the movie utilized a scene at the bar with his friends where a rejection of him by woman has induced his interest in the concept of governing dynamics, a theory in mathematical economics which became his thesis’ subject. Similar to the interpretation of Marie Curie’s character as physicist; Nash’ mathematical skills led him also to relate and mingle in the practical world using math reasoning and solutions – again to provide excitement among its audience. Like Curie, Nash too got interested in teaching after graduation. He taught Calculus in MIT, but Marie Curie was more driven by Pierre to study further in her area of interest. In the same context, Nash met and fell in love with his student, Alicia Larde whom he married eventually. The movie benefitted from the modern visual effects of the twentieth century in succesfully portraying the paranoia and delusional episodes of the main character. Like Madame Curie, a mixture of happiness, pain, sorrow and difficulties traversed in the various acts in the story. However, unlike the first, this second film has been criticized for the inaccuracies of John Nash’s life in several accounts as portrayed here. Perhaps, an understandable exaggeration of the latter has been advised to make the story more moving and appealing. The main difference with this film against the other one is its more complicated plot and additional conflict elements. The story becomes an action film at the same time when Nash was subjected to a mission of decoding an encryption of the enemy’s telecom at the US Department of Defense. The mission has deepened into an anti Soviet-related plot. The pressures and tensions provoked in the scenes of gunfires had caused Nash to behave erratically. He has turned paranoid which made his wife bring him to a psychiatric hospital where he thought everybody were Soviet kidnappers. The twist of the film is that the other characters like Marcee, the girl he became fond of, Charles, his bestfriend, and Parcher, the secret agent are all products of his hallucinations. The story revolved in this kind of set-up where the three would appear and would tell him things he often believed and reacted to; to the point that one of them, Parcher, has convinced him to kill his wife. Like Madame Curie, A Beautiful Mind is a love story which showed the loyalty, and patience of Alicia to her husband John. Imagine how hard it was for Alicia to join Nash in his psychosis and relieve him of his worries and dilemmas not to mention the almost murderous act of Nash of drowning their baby during bathing. In reality however, John Nash suffered only from auditory hallucinations, not visual. Like Madame Curie, the movie ended in a pleasing way nonetheless, where he earned a Nobel Prize in Economics for his famous Game Theory. In conclusion, Madame Curie film is equally a powerful attempt at telling the real story of Marie Curie while preserving the details of her life. A Beautiful Mind however has evolved into a commerialized film which sought to gain interest among the watchers by complicating and fictionalizing on several scenes. It does not pain however doing this in a similar occasion for a revival of Madame Curie movie. I would suggest an inclusion of twists and conflicts as well; say, infidelity, dishonesty or money and power status competition. In this way, the movie is not only modernized, it also becomes more challenging on the part of the audience and the film makers. It is nevertheless important for any movie to announce which details are made up and which are real.                                              How to cite Madame Curie and a Beautiful Mind: A Comparison, Essay examples

Napoleon The Russian Conflict Essay Example For Students

Napoleon The Russian Conflict Essay Napoleon The Russian ConflictNapoleon was one of the greatest military leaders of all time.By 1812 Napoleon had expanded the territory of France all over Europe including Spain, Italy, Holland, and Switzerland. The countries that Napoleon did not directly control, he was usually allied with.The turning point of Napoleons career also came in 1812 when war broke out between France and Russia because of Alexander Is refusal to enforce the continental$Even the French nation could not provide all the manpower and supplies needed to carry out the Emperors grandiose plan for subduing Russia. Throughout 1811, he worked to mobilize the entire continent against Russia. He not only levied the vassal kingdoms in Spain, Italy, and Germany but also summoned Austria and Prussia to furnish their share of men and goods.Altogether, Napoleon could count on nearly 700,000 men of 20 nationalities of whom more than 600,000 crossed the border. Grown far beyond its original intended size, the army was diffi cult to assemble and hard to feed. Between Tilsit and Moscow, there lay over 600 miles of hostile barren countryside. Because of lack of supplies and the difficulty to feed the large army, Napoleons plan was simple:bring about a battle, defeat the Russian army, and dictate a settlement. Apparently neither he nor his soldiers, who cheerfully began crossing the Nieman River, thought beyond the immediate goal. Already 300 miles into Russia, Napoleon had not yet found a way to exploit his advantage. In the Emperors programming the resources necessary to achieve his objective, he had anticipated fighting a battle within a month after crossing the Nieman. Toward the end of that month Napoleon began to realize that events were disproving the validity of his estimates. Dying horses littered the roads and the advanced guard found little forage as Russians everywhere abandoned their homes. Napoleon knew that he needed to fight. At Smolensk, he set up for a battle and waited but the Russians, afraid of a trap steadily withdrew their troops from Smolensk and continued to retreat deeper into Russia. The only major battle in the Russian campaign proved that something was definitely lacking in Napoleons judgment. Borodino was a battle of legendary proportions.Before the battle Napoleon proclaimed, Soldiers, here is the battle you have so long desired! However, the fight was inconclusive. At its end, Napoleon found himself the possessor, not of a victory, but of a barren hillside and an increasingly compelling commitment to advance further into the east. Well into the battle, the French had almost cracked the left side of the Russian Army. Several French generals had requested that Napoleon would commit the guard infantry into battle. This would create the final blow and insure the Russian defeat. After 14 hours of intense combat, the fighting died out at nightfall, and Mikhail Illarionovich Kutusov, the Russian general, gratefully began to retreat his troops. The guard infantry had remained unused. After the Battle of Borodino, in which losses on both sides totaled !over 70,000 men, Napoleon had 100,000 effectives remaining, while Kutusov probably had no more than 55,000.Both sides claimed a victory, whereas actually, both sides had lost.While the Russian army filed disconsolately toward Moscow, the Emperor of the French rationalized his indecision at Borodino b..y contenting himself with the capture of the city. On September 14, Napoleon rode into Moscow at the head of a fraction of the Empires military strength.Meanwhile, Napoleons opponent had made a decision that was to shape the remainder of the campaign.Kutusov made up his mind not to fight another battle in defense of Moscow.Kutusov ordered the citys population out into the countryside, released all inmates from the city jails, and destroyed the city firefighting equipment.Napoleon and his army of 100,000 arrived only to find a handful of the original inhabitants and several hundred criminals and lunatics freely roaming and plundering the streets.That night, fires sprang up all over the city.Fire swept through the city for several days and by morning it was apparent that most of the city had been consumed by the flames. Left with no choice, Napoleon sent peace proposals to Alexander, but Alexander refused to even discuss the concept of peace while the French remained on Russian soil. Napoleon was given an opportu!nity to evacuate Mosco w by acting like he was reinforcing his brother-in-laws troops.Napoleons plan was to march to Kaluga and Bryansk.By returning along an untraveled route, he hoped to find forage for the horses, avoid the appearance of a retreat, and eventually settle the army in winter quarters somewhere between Smolensk and Minsk.There appeared to be a good chance to reach his destination before the first frost.It was imperative to do so.The horses were not shod for heavy snow, nor had the troops been issued any winter gear.On October 31, Napoleon and the guard reached Vyuzma; Davout (his general) had cleared Borodino.One week later a heavy snow fell and, with it, the morale of the French.On icy roads it was impossible for the starving horses to pull their loads.Tired men dropped in their tracks and pushed to the side of the road, were lost forever.Artillery pieces, loot, and many of the wounded were left behind. .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b , .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .postImageUrl , .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b , .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:hover , .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:visited , .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:active { border:0!important; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:active , .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubbacef4f4507540326f803d41761829b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sethe Beloved EssayNovember was an unending catastrophe!for the decimated French army.Men began to fight for scraps of bread and frozen horseflesh.As the army began to fragment, there were extraordinary acts of individual heroism.Mere survival itself required unending strength of will.Many men fell and simply refused to rise again and go on. Marching out of Smolensk, the ragged, frozen and famished group of men knew that they must sooner or later fight the Russians as well as the winter.On November 16, Kulusov blocked the French escape routes.The Russians made many attacks on the French.And because of the health of the French soldiers, there was little opposition for the R ussians attacks.Napoleon had returned to France to preserve his empire.With his desertion marking the end of the war. A lengthy bulletin had appeared in The Moniteuron the return of Napoleon.Until November 6, the weather was good, and the movement of the army was executed with success, but on the 7th the cold commenced. French officers and soldiers had fought bravely, and their General had led expertly.The Russian winter, not the Russian army, had defeated him. Electronic Arts EA 3D Atlas 1995, N.Y. New YorkGrolier Incorporated Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 1994 N.Y. New YorkSoftKey Infopedia 2 1996 N.Y. New YorkWebster New World Dictionary 1984 N.Y. New York

US Use of EMF Weapons Devices on humans

Virginia essays

Virginia essays The state I am going to present is Virgina. Reference: Internet http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1 Virginia is located in the eastern coast of the United States. It is surrounded by the states of West Virginia, which lies to the north west of it, Kentucky, west of it, and North Carolina, which is to the south. It has also the Atlantic Ocean to the east of it. Virginia has a coastal plain with tidal swamps and marshes flowing into rivers that lead into the Chesapeake Bay. The James, York, Rappahannock, and Potomac rivers split the mainland into three peninsulas. The size of Virginia is a total of 42,326 square miles. It also has the population of 6,733,996, which is the estimated in 1997. It is made up of 77.4 percent of whites and 18.8 percent blacks. Virginias metropolitan areas have a great deal of ethnic diversity. For the people there the religion is predominantly Protestant. The largest denominations are Methodists and Baptists. Its capital is Richmond, which was named for the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth 1st of England. Some of the largest cities there in Virginia are Virginia Beach, Norfolk, and Chesapeake. Most of the economic activity that takes place in Virginia involves services and government agencies. Some of the government agencies are The Pentagon and the Department of Defense. The manufacturing of transportation equipment contributes more to personal income than any other industry there. Virginia also has about 43,000 farms that cover more than one thirds of the states land area. They mostly produce livestock. The state bird of Virginia is the Cardinal and its state flower is the Dogwood. The first people to ever arrive in Virginia is said to be nomadic groups of hunter about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago and made communities along the Chesapeake Bay. Later in abou 1607 the english settlers landed on a swampy V ...

The history of Chinese women before the age of orientalism Essay

The history of Chinese women before the age of orientalism - Essay Example In the ancient also, the female infants had lower chances of surviving to adulthood while men had low mortality rate and could easily survive to adulthood. Bound feet, which were a tradition even for poor women, depict the painful constraints of the female role. Women and culture in the early days in china represent a great part of history in the Chinese writings. Most of the Chinese historians were not in any way influenced by the feminist movements and it was the historians from the North America and Europe who took a step to dig deeper into this history (Susan, 1997). It is only in 1970s that they start researching as a response to feminist scholarship and anthropologist. The historians look at patriarchy while distancing themselves from female victimization. There were only writings on the history from the mid 19th century but currently there has been articles and research into the live of women in the early years of china history.

Women's role in the African American Church Research Paper

Women's role in the African American Church - Research Paper Example However the Africans continued expressing their own religions and their own gods until slave and plantation life began to shut them off from their African origins. One can imagine there were religious gatherings of Africans at this time. There is evidence that when slaves were given Sundays off in New Orleans they would go to a place called Congo Square and with drums and dance, continue the religious celebrations they had in Africa. Black women held a status that was at the bottom of the wheel throughout American history. They were never given official recognition by the Church as preachers. Their lives were brutal were they continuously fell victim to rape and sexual exploitation from white males. Yet the early history of the African American church demonstrates how some black women received the ‘call’ to preach and how they showed an inner strength that persevered and accounted for the survival of many women and children. There were always free African Americans. Some of them had bought their freedom. These slaves learned to read and write. The free slaves were surrounded by different expressions of the white American culture. The whites were primarily Christians and they practiced their Christianity through various religions such as the Puritans, the Quakers, the Methodist, the Catholics, Episcopalians, and the Mennonites, among others. All these religions were based on one source, the bible. Slaves and free blacks begin to realize that by reading and learning the Bible, they could become Christians too and participate as Christians in the American economy. This is what some of them did. Some of the slaves read the Bible and argued that they had become converted to Christianity by getting baptized. White leaders begin to realize that if black people read the Bible, they would probably question white people's conduct of slavery on moral grounds and begin to threaten the entire institution of slavery. The white people soon past laws that not only disallowed black slaves to become Christian converts, but to make sure that black people could not escape their status as slaves. But white slaveowners also used the Bible to preach to slaves that it was right that they show obedience to their masters. During the 1770s, the Great Awakening occurred among white Christians. This was an evangelist movement where the white preachers, some of them like George Whitefield becoming famous, preached to large groups of people, exciting them with flashy oratory and songs and moving great numbers of people to convert and become Christians. Among those black people who could read, they interpreted several important themes from the Bible. Freedom became a real concept to them and these blacks began comparing themselves to the Israelites whose God eventually led them from Egyptian captivity. The Bible also served as a reading instrument for some of the slaves who were determined to learn to read. African Americans were well aware of Christianity as a religion and as slaves many of them begin to fuse some of their own religious symbols in Christianity. Blacks begin to have their own spiritual meetings in secret on the plantations and these were actually seedlings of the first black churches. Christian religion allowed them to see contradictions between the way they were treated and the way Christians professed to be. Early Churches A few plantation owners built churches for the slaves and had white preachers preach to them about obeying and being meek before the master. Masters who trusted their slaves allowed them to read and study the bible. Georgle Liele's master allowed him to be baptized

Concepts of Scarcity and Choice

Concepts of Scarcity and Choice Economics can be defined as the study of the practical science of production and distribution of wealth ( J S MILLS). The objective of all persons is to earn money by working in order to satisfy their wants. Unfortunately people earnings are never enough in order to satisfy their unlimited wants as there is a lack of resources in terms of workers, raw materials, time, and money in order to produce all the products that we would like to acquire which causes the problem of scarcity. SCARCITY AND CHOICE Scarcity is a relative concept that is resources are scarce relatively to unlimited wants. The problem of scarcity exists in all dimensions that are in terms of individual, society as well as countries. For example as far as individual is concerned in search of improving our standard of living we are always striving to have better and more luxurious shelter, latest fashion clothing, full option types of transport, better health care etc but due to limited resources we cannot satisfy all these wants and in terms of countries Governments are always having difficulties in choosing where to invest there are too many necessities to fulfill due to lack of resources. As a result of scarcity each and every person as well as the Government needs to make a choice so that the limited available resources is used efficiently. OPPORTUNITY COST As a result of the lack of resources and the problem of scarcity, we have to choose and decide which products or services are most important for us to buy with the limited amount of money we earn and which ones are less important that we could forego. As in define by Susan Grant Opportunity cost is the cost of a decision in terms of the best alternative given up to achieve it. Say if I have one hour free time during which I can either go the cinema or at the seaside, if I choose going to the cinema then the next best alternative forgone is going at the seaside. Quantity of Good X Given a production point on a PPC (A). If a country chooses to produce more of good X- in other words moving to point B on the PPC, this can only be possible by decreasing resources out of the production of good Y to the production of good X, implying a reduction in the quantity of Y produced. Therefore in order to produce more of good X, a country needs to give up some amount of good Y. In other words there is an opportunity cost of producing more of good X. Opportunity cost of producing X X1 of good X= Y Y1 of good Y. Micro Economics Micro Economics is the study of the behaviors of individuals and companies in line with income, profits, prices of available goods and services. These behaviors are directly related to supply and market as well as taxes and regulations impose by the Government. For example in the case of an individual Micro Economics examines how the latter make decisions on which products or services to buy depending on his income and as regards to a company it is the study of how the decision makers minimize production cost so as to offer competitive prices on the market. Macro Economics Macro Economics, on the other hand is the study of economics at a larger scale that is how a national economy works and its direct impact on growth in national income, employment and price inflation. In other words Macro Economics can be explained as the global decision making of the Government and its impact on aggregate demand. For example, macroeconomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nationsÂÂ  capital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate. (http://www.investopedia.com). TASK 2 How demand curve is derived. In order to determine how a demand curve is derived we need to know what demand is. Demand is the willingness of potential consumers to buy goods and services at different level of prices. Figure 2 shows a demand curve The figure below shows what the demand for apple at different prices is. The curve illustrates that when Price of an apple is at $1 demand is 53 Price of an apple is at $2 demand is 38 Price of an apple is at $3 demand is 27 Price of an apple is at $4 demand is 17 Price of an apple is at $5 demand is 10 Thus we can deduce that normally the lower the price of an apple is offered at the higher is the demand and conversely the higher price of an apple is offered at the lower is the demand. Demand is inversely related to price that is in this case demand of the apple is inversely related to price of the apple. Normally producers of a specific product need to study the demand curve of that product so as to decide the number of unit to produce taking into consideration production cost. With regards to demand producers will produce the product in demand provided The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price. The demand curve is usually downward sloping, since consumers will want to buy more as price decreases. Demand for a good or service is determined by many different factors other than price, such as the price of substitute goods and complementary goods. In extreme cases, demand may be completely unrelated to price, or nearly infinite at a given price. Along with supply, demand is one of the two key determinants of the market price. Read more: http://www.investorwords.com/1396/demand.html#ixzz1Dpf4aWxl

Homeless in Cincinnati

Contemporary ProblemsI have selected homelessness for this paper. The homeless in Cincinnati is a large job and there are many persons and organisations out at that place contending to eliminate this job in Cincinnati. One of the organisations making this is called StreetVibe. The people that work for StreetVibe are current homeless and/or former homeless persons. They contribute to the web site and newssheet by composing poesy, articles, and other types of artistic points to educate people on the homeless state of affairs in Cincinnati. This organisation provides exigency shelter, soup kitchens, medical services, lasting lodging, societal services and transitional life installations. They look for members of the community such as local companies to fall in the battle here against homelessness. Harmonizing to the article, Homeless in Cincinnati: A Study of the Causes and Conditions of Homelessness, one of the biggest challenges today is the medical status of those persons who find themselves stateless. These persons do non hold even basic health care, nor can they afford health care. Without this many everyday medical jobs can non be diagnosed or treated. The article besides discusses two grounds why homelessness is a go oning job ; drug maltreatment plays against an single seeking to acquire off the streets. They can non give up the substance maltreatment and keep a occupation, household, and other duties. Another issue that contributes to the issue of homelessness is the shutting of mental wellness installations. These persons may non hold medical resources to go on their intervention and stop up on the streets due to miss of aid in happening lodging, a occupation, etc. One of the biggest challenges confronting Cincinnati is holding an accurate history of how many stateless people there are. The people who live in the street are largely unseeable and unless sing a soup kitchen or shelter the true Numberss can non be figured. Too frequently these persons live on hillsides, under Bridgess, along the river and are really hard to acquire in touch with ( Burdell, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless, 25 per centum of the homeless in the metropolis are kids, 45 per centum are kids under 5. It is interesting to observe that 68.5 per centum of all the homeless in Cincinnati are Afro-american. It ‘s besides interesting to observe that of all the homeless in Cincinnati, 30 per centum are alcohol maltreaters and 31.5 per centum are substance maltreaters while 31 per centum suffer from some signifier of mental unwellness. This makes the occupation of human service workers really hard as these people are close and difficult to acquire to cognize every bit good as the trouble of happening them on the streets to give them assistance. Many garbage aid or are really disdainful and do non desire aid. One of the organisations in Cincinnati that assists the homeless is The Salvation Army. In 2008, The Salvation Army provided impermanent lodging for over 6,800 people. This lodging includes shelters, grownup day care installations, transitional life agreements and helping with rent and public-service corporations. One of the challenges at this clip are the figure of homeless. With the downswing in the economic system, there are more households that need aid which is seting a strain on these types of services. Presently in Cincinnati besides the Red Kettle plan, there are Adopt-A-Family and the Toy Shop plan. These plans provide are for the populace or companies to supply a household with gifts and nutrient for the vacations. The Toy Shop plan provides kids with new playthings for Christmas. Another organisation in Cincinnati that assists with homelessness is Goodwill. Goodwill ‘s biggest are of aid is in contributions of vesture, family points, autos and trucks to assist people acquire back and Forth to work or to medical attention visits. Goodwill besides provide many other services such as vocational services for preparation, reding and employment services and many other services to help veterans, kids and adult females. The lodging plan that Goodwill provides includes aid with rent, security sedimentations, furniture, public-service corporations and other points that are required for the homeless to acquire off the streets and go independent. Cincinnati has legion organisations to help the homeless, the bureaus discussed supra are the largest bureaus that provide many services, in many countries to the people of Cincinnati. These organisations provide a valuable service that provides much needed aid to the metropolis ‘s homeless. Without these organisations, the homeless in Cincinnati would hold nowhere to turn for aid with lodging, repasts, occupations, vesture and many other points.MentionsApplied Information Resources, Inc. ( 2001 ) . Homeless in Cincinnati: A Study of the Causes and Conditions of Homelessness. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cincihomeless.org/content/downloads/GCCH_HomelessInCincinnati.pdf Savage, C. , Lindsell, C. , Gillespie, G. , Lee, R. , & A ; Corbin, A. ( 2008 ) . Bettering wellness position of homeless patients at a nurse-managed clinic in the Midwest USA. Health & A ; Social Care in the Community. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from EBSCOhost: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail? vid=3 & A ; hid=2 & A ; sid=514bc4fe-bd2f-4acd-90b4-90deafd349a1 % 40sessionmgr110 & A ; bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ % 3d % 3d # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 The Greater Cincinnati Coalition For The Homeless, ( n.d. ) . Homeless Statitists. Retreived from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cincihomeless.org/content/hfacts.html, on December 3, 2009. The Salvation Army. ( n.d. ) .Facts and figures.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.use.salvationarmy.org/use/www_use_cincinnati.nsf/vw-text-dynamic-arrays/C840FE6A7522E69D85257478006596FB? openDocument, on December 4, 2009.

The Iconography of the Buddha Image

For the following report the concept of iconography in regard to the images of Buddha from the South Asia region (1-5 cc. A. D. ) is important. In general, iconography in art stands for studying the imagery or symbolism of the work of art; in regard to the Asian Buddha images, iconographical elements provide the worshipper and observer with multiple signs to differentiate between unique Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. There is a hot discourse in research literature about the nature and developmental stages of Buddhist iconography.Up to the 2-3 c. A. D. , Buddhist art used to be predominantly narrative consisting of jatakas (accounts of the Buddha’s previous incarnations) and nidanakathas (historical events related to the founder of religion, Buddha Shakyamuni or Prince Siddhartha Gautama). Due to the very nature of Buddhism, its iconography has been associated with aniconic symbols for a long time. Once Jain claimed that before its material anthropomorphic transformations the Buddha icon used to be initially of intellectual and imaginative nature.The idea echoes somehow with Diskul and Lyons’s proposition about the iconography in regard to the Buddha image standing for the goals of maintaining traditions and sacrificing exuberant decorative elements for the sake of immortality, sanctity and transitivity of Buddhism. However, the Buddha image is perceived mostly in its anthropomorphic dimension nowadays with a rigid system of metaphors and symbols standing for iconographical elements. All the researchers agree on the fact that the image of Buddha as anthropomorphic icon started being created approximately in the 1st century A.D. The gold and copper coins of Kanishka (Appendix A) contain Buddha images on the reverse sides. It is logical to assume that those images were simple and rather abstract because of the small size of those coins. During the five centuries of modern era, the iconography of the Buddha image has been made rich and complicated. Accordi ng to Diskul and Lyons, there are three key elements in the iconography of the Buddha image: these are anatomy, dress, and posture.Diskul and Lyons mentioned that the anatomy of the Buddha encompassed â€Å"the canons of proportion and the form of the supernatural details†; the dress might look either as the monk's garb (being placed on either both shoulders or the left shoulder only), or a princely garment (though in all the cases the elements of dressing are highly stylized); and, so far as postures are concerned, Buddha was portrayed as either walking, or standing, or sitting, or reclining, not to forget â€Å"less than a dozen usual gestures of the hand†.In Jain’s chronology of the Buddhist iconography, the researcher listed the specific elements of Sarnath Buddha images (3-4 cc. A. D. ) with their graceful and beautifully shaped bodies within eight iconographical types depending on the scheme of the dress (either the covered one with both shoulders being dr aped, or the open one with the right shoulder being bare) and the four gesture patterns.Meanwhile, the Huntington Photographic Archive of Buddhist and Related Art ignored anatomy and dress, concentrating instead on sacred bodily marks (lakshanas) and attributes (objects held by or belonging to the figure) or associated objects as the media through which the icon communicated to the observer. For the posture category, the Huntington Archive proposed the sub-division into postures per se (the one of sitting body is called asana, and the one of standing is sthana) and gestures (position of the hands, mudra, and position of the arms, hasta).The Grove Art Online derived the iconography of the Buddha from the one of pre-Buddhist yakss with 32 major and 64 minor prescribed signs; five gestures (mudras) – fearlessness (abhaya mudra), bestowing boons (varada mudra), meditation (dhyana mudra), touching the earth (bhumisparsa mudra) and turning the Wheel of Law; and three main postures – the one with crossed legs is called adamantine (vajraparyanka), the one where the Buddha is sitting with one leg placed across the other thigh is sattvaparyank asana, and the one with both legs hanging down is referred to as bhadrasana.Whatever the iconographical systematizations are, the image of the Buddha has been developing from abstractly carved prototypes to the detailed icons of magnitude and aesthetic recklessness. Under the Kushan dynasty that ruled from about the first to the seventh centuries A. D. in Afghanistan, north-western India, the Punjab, and in present-day Pakistan, there were two distinctive schools of portraying Buddha: the Gandhara and the Mathura ones.While in the north (Gandhara) the images of Buddha belonged to wandering craftsmen from the Roman East, in the south (Mathura or Muttra) the technique derived itself from native Indian sources. Both schools, though being distinct in iconographical elements and methods, portrayed Buddha both standing, se ated or reclining (in scenes of the Great Demise); either as a single and independent image or the one of the figures on panels. The earliest image of the Gandhara Buddhas Rowland referred to the second and third centuries A.D. judging from inscriptions. In regard to the standing Buddhas, there is one key characteristic of Gandhara images – though on the very first sight they look like reliefs, they can not be observed from the back, their back side is usually flat and unfinished. As for the material used, craftsmen carved the statues from stone and stucco or lime-plaster. The latter was popular in the first century A. D. already, and by the third century A. D. it has replaced stone.Another favourite medium for carving was the blue schist and green phyllite, while metal was less popular. Besides artists used to decorate both stone and stucco images with polychromy and gold leaf. In Mathura the sculptures were also covered in an analogous manner because craftsmen usually carve d the statues of Buddha of red sandstone, which was â€Å"an exceedingly ugly stone, frequently marred by veins of yellow and white, so that streaks and spots of these lighter colours disfigure the surface†.The researcher may compare two schools of portraying Buddha on the basis of the Gandhara Standing Buddha from the Guides' Mess at Hoti-Mardan, near Peshawar, and a life-sized standing Bodhisattva of Sarnath with an inscription about a certain Friar Bala dedicating the sculpture to the deity in around A. D. 131-147 (Appendices B and C). One distinctive point between the two sculptures is anatomical proportion. The Gandhara school adhered to the antique canons when the total height of the body was five times bigger that the head after late Roman and Early-Christian models.The Mathura school adopted special unit of measurement, the thalam, which had nothing in common with human physical anatomy. It is â€Å"the distance between the top of the forehead and the chin, which is divided nine times into the total height of the figure† to convey the heroic and superhuman posture. Subsequently, the bodies of the Gandhara standing Buddhas are more harmonic and natural, possessing â€Å"the Praxitelean dehanchement [†¦] beneath the robe†, which is also typical of Greco-Roman art.Meanwhile, the Mathura Bodhisattva is more massive and erect. Modern iconography owes lakshanas of the Buddha to the Mathura school. Rowland stated that whilst the shaping of the body in the Mathura images is â€Å"greatly simplified and still represented by the archaic technique of incised lines†, the modelling of the drapery reveals both texture and volume; in result, an observer may sense â€Å"the warmth and firmness of flesh and [†¦] a powerful feeling for the presence of the inner breath or prana. †In regard to the style of drapery (Diskul and Lyons), the Gandhara Standing Buddha from the Guides' Mess at Hoti-Mardan reminds of a Roman nobleman o f the Imperial Period. The eye of an observer catches heavy folds of the dress, which is a kind of Roman toga instead of Buddhist mantle. The Mathura images are often nude to the waist. The Bodhisattva of Sarnath rests his feet firmly on the basement, raising the right hand in the gesture of reassurance, and supporting the folds of his native Indian robe or dhoti by the left hand on the hip.So far as the physiognomic characteristics are concerned, the Gandhara Buddhas resemble of the Apollo Belvedere due to â€Å"the head, with its adolescent features and wavy hair†, though some distinctive Buddhist iconographical elements – the magic marks or lakshanas – may be also present. The Mathura's Buddha images, as Jain pointed out, are more round-faced with underlined â€Å"spiritual realization and beatitude. † There are also physiognomic distinctions between the two schools: In Mathura art tradition, Buddha image has longer earlobes, thicker lips, wider eyes a nd prominent noses.In Gandhara images, eyes are longer, chin more angular, earlobes shorter and noses more sharp and better defined. Under the rule of the Gupta dynasty (starting from A. D. 320), the Buddha images became even more anthropomorphic due to Mahayana Buddhism, and, at the same time more sacred due to the sharpening of the Buddha’s superhuman nature and his Oriental origin. In regard to the iconographical systems, the Gupta images are synthetic. For example, the body of Standing Buddha from Mathura (Indian Museum, Calcutta) (Appendix D) is fully covered by the monk’s mantel after the Gandhara models.At the same time, the folds of initial pseudo-togas gave space to stylized series of strings instead of multiple folds. Rowland provided the link to the classic Mathura school in regard to the rhythmical goal of stringed drapery, stating that â€Å"the repetition of the loops [†¦] provides a kind of relief to the static columnar mass of the body. † At the same time, unlike the early Buddhas of originally Indian type, this Shakyamuni, though being rather voluminous and powerful, is not crude or roughly carved.Jain noted that the Gupta Buddha images were remarkable for the facial expressions bearing â€Å"celestial calm, serenity, a gentle smile, divine glow and unique composure. † Rowland sang dithyrambs to Gupta Buddhas from Sarnath because of the exquisite carving of their haloes. After having defined the concept of iconography in relation to the Buddha images in South Asia and having traced the development of iconographical systems from the first up to the fifth centuries A. D. , it is possible to summarize the key trends of the craftsmen having been portraying Buddha in the multitude of forms, styles and types.The first anthropomorphic images of Buddha appeared in the first century A. D. and adopted the iconographical elements of both Greek-Roman Antiquity and native Indian styles. During the Kushan period (25 AD †“ 150 AD), there were the so-called Gandhara and Mathura (the north-west part of modern Pakistan) schools of portraying the Buddha. The Gandhara Buddhas adopted many iconographical features of antique sculptures in regard to the slightly curved posture, anatomic and physiognomic verity and refinement, heavy and voluminous drapery organized in parallel folds and mask-like expressions of the faces with matted hair on the head.The early Kushan Buddhas from Mathura were more massive and heavily built than Gandhara ones and demonstrated stricter adherence to the native Indian canons. There was a greater accent on lakshanas and attributes in the Mathura school. Both standing and seated Buddhas were depicted in one of the assigned postures and their gestures bore sacred meaning for the worshippers. The garment looked more like the typical dress of Indian princes with the folds having given space to the strings standing for native muslin or silk dhotis or monastic robes.The torsos of Math ura Buddhas bore distinctive marks of heroic and sacred life of the Buddha (the marks of wheel, the three white hair between the eyebrows, etc. ). Starting from A. D. 320 within the Gupta period, the iconography of the Buddha images became more synergetic having adopted both Gandhara and Mathura elements. After the Gandhara canon, the proportions were ideal and aimed to produce the effect of magnitude and super-human power. It could happen due to the distinction between the mortal Prince Siddhartha and the â€Å"real Buddha† as deity.The individual parts of the body were depicted in purely Indian manner with the emphasis being made on lakshanas (elongated earlobes, urna, webbed fingers and toes, etc. ) and attributes (lotus, Water bowl, etc. ). The faces of the Gupta Buddhas served the arena for metaphorical transformation: the eyes had the form of the lotus flower, the hair looked like snails or shells, the lips were full and ripe like exotic fruit and there was a mild smile on them, the eyebrows were curved like the Indian bow.Thus, one may say that since the first century A. D. up to the fifth century the iconography of the Buddha image has been remarkable for the shift from Greek-Roman models to the synthetical type with prevalence of Indian iconographical elements and from anthropomorphic and individualistic depiction to the icon of the super-human mighty deity with traditionally assigned symbols. Bibliography Diskul, M. C. Subhadradis, and Elizabeth Lyons. The Arts of Thailand: A Handbook of the Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting of Thailand (Siam).Ed. Theodore Robert Bowie. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960. Huntington, John C. , and/or Susan L. Huntington. The John C. and Susan L. Huntington Archive of Buddhist and Related Art (a photographic research and teaching archive). 15 Oct. 1995/Oct. 2004. College of the Arts, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 13 Jan. 2006 . Jain, P. C. â€Å"Evolution of the Buddha Image. â⠂¬  Exotic India Art. May 2004. 13 Jan. 2006 . â€Å"Indian subcontinent,  §II, 2: Buddhist iconography and subject-matter, (i) The Buddha. † Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 12 Jan. 2006 . Rowland, Benjamin. The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain. London: Penguin Books, 1953. Appendices Appendix A Kanishka Coin (100 B. C. ), gold and copper. Benjamin Rowland, The Art and

What Is a Discount Factor

In mathematics, the discount factor is a calculation of the present value of future happiness, or more specifically it is used to measure how much people will care about a period in the future as compared to today. The discount factor is a weighting term that multiplies future happiness, income, and losses in order to determine the factor by which money is to be multiplied to get the net present value of a good or service. Because the value of todays dollar will intrinsically be worth less in the future due to inflation and other factors, the discount factor is often assumed to take on values between zero and one. For example, with a discount factor equal to 0.9, an activity that would give 10 units of utility if done today would give, from todays perspective, nine units of utility if completed tomorrow. Using the Discount Factor to Determine the Net Present Value Whereas the discount rate  is used to determine the present value of future cash flow, the discount factor is used to determine the net present value, which can be used to determine the expected profits and losses based on future payments — the net future value of an investment. In order to do this, one must first determine the periodic  interest rate by dividing the annual interest rate by the number of payments expected per year; next, determine the total number of payments to be made; then  assign variables to each value such as P for periodic interest rate and N for the number of payments. The basic formula for determining this discount factor would then be D1/(1P)^N, which would read that the discount factor is equal to one divided by the value of one plus the periodic interest rate to the power of the number of payments. For instance, if a company had a six percent annual interest rate and wanted to make 12 payments a year, the discount factor would be  0.8357. Multi-Period and Discrete Time Models   In a multi-period model, agents may have different utility functions for consumption (or other experiences) in different time periods. Usually, in such models, they value future experiences, but to a lesser degree than present ones. For simplicity, the factor by which they discount next periods utility may be a constant between zero and one, and if so it is called a discount factor. One might interpret the discount factor not as a reduction in the appreciation of future events but as a subjective probability that the agent will die before the next period, and so discounts the future experiences not because they arent valued, but because they may not occur. A present-oriented agents discounts the future heavily and so has a LOW discount factor. Contrast discount rate and future-oriented. In a discrete time model where agents discount the future by a factor of b, one usually lets b1/(1r) where r is the discount rate.